Final answer:
An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to operant conditioning. Operant conditioning involves learning to associate voluntary behavior with its consequences, different from classical conditioning's association of involuntary responses with a stimulus.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the analogy 'An involuntary response is to classical conditioning as a voluntary response is to which of the following?' is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning, animals or humans learn to associate their voluntary behavior with the consequences of that behavior. This is different from classical conditioning, where an involuntary response is learned to be triggered by a previously neutral stimulus that has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
For example, in classical conditioning, a dog might learn to salivate (an involuntary response) when it hears a bell if the sound of the bell has been repeatedly associated with the presentation of food. In contrast, in operant conditioning, a dolphin at an aquarium might voluntarily perform a flip when it hears a whistle because it has learned that this behavior results in receiving a fish.