Final answer:
The number of dependents does not influence the monthly Social Security benefit amount, while earnings history, age at retirement, and marital status can.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factor that does not influence the amount that an individual receives as monthly income under Social Security is the number of dependents (C). Social Security benefits are calculated based on factors such as a person's lifetime earnings history, the age at retirement, and, in some cases, marital status. However, the number of dependents a person has does not directly impact the monthly benefit amount. This is a very important consideration given that Social Security benefits are a crucial source of income for many retirees, helping to keep millions out of poverty.