Final answer:
Out of the provided options, face-to-face meetings and interactions are NOT a technology substitution for personal contact and human effort, as they involve actual human interaction without the aid of technology.
Step-by-step explanation:
The technology substitution for personal contact and human effort includes various innovations that reduce the need for human labor in providing services. Among the options provided, automated customer service chatbots, self-service kiosks, and virtual reality-based customer service are all examples of technology designed to replace or augment human labor. However, face-to-face meetings and interactions are NOT a technology substitution; they involve direct personal contact and human effort, thus preserving the human element in communication and service provision.
In the context of social change, face-to-face meetings represent a traditional form of interaction that technology-based substitutions aim to complement or replace. The automation of workplaces, like the installation of self-scan checkouts in supermarkets, exemplifies how technological advancements are changing the job market by reducing the number of employees needed to perform certain tasks.