Question

How was the lay investiture controversy settled?

Answer 1

The lay investiture controversy was settled through a ban on simony, the excommunication of Emperor Henry IV, and a compromise in England known as the Settlement.

Step-by-step explanation:

The lay investiture controversy was settled through various means. One of the key resolutions was the ban on simony by Pope Gregory VII in 1075. This practice involved kings appointing church officials in exchange for bribes. The pope excommunicated Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV for continuing simony, leading to a rebellion against him by German princes. This resulted in a loss of power for the kings and vassals, and a significant gain in power for the popes.

Another settlement occurred in England in 1559, known as the Settlement. It consisted of two acts of Parliament, one conferring the title of Supreme Head of the Church upon Queen Elizabeth and the other creating the Anglican prayer book and defining the Church of England. This settlement reflected a compromise between Catholicism and Calvinist theology, and it established Anglicanism as a distinct form of Christianity.

Overall, the lay investiture controversy was resolved through a combination of papal authority, political pressure, and compromises between different religious factions.

Answer 2

The Lay Investiture Controversy was settled by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which made a distinction between the spiritual and secular roles of bishops and ended the power struggle over church appointments between the papacy and secular rulers.

Step-by-step explanation:

The Lay Investiture Controversy was a significant conflict during the 11th century between secular and ecclesiastical powers in medieval Europe over the appointment of church officials. This controversy was primarily settled by the Concordat of Worms in 1122, which differentiated between the spiritual and secular roles of bishops. The emperor would invest the bishop with temporal symbols of power, while the church would endow the spiritual symbols. Through this compromise, the church solidified its power and established clear boundaries between religious and worldly authorities. Pope Gregory VII's actions against simony and insistence on celibacy among clergy culminated in this agreement, having excommunicated Emperor Henry IV and highlighting the power struggle between the papacy and secular rulers.