Final answer:
a. Anger
The principle antecedent of anger is psychological interference, cognitive dissonance disrupts consistency, and melancholy is not a universal emotion. Emotional interpretations can be influenced by expectations regarding physiological arousal.
Step-by-step explanation:
The principle antecedent of anger is physical and psychological restraint or interference, as in the experience that a situation is "not what it should be."
Cognitive dissonance causes discomfort because it disrupts our sense of consistency. Additionally, melancholy is not one of the seven universal emotions described, which include contempt, disgust, and anger.
Schachter & Singer's 1962 study highlights how expectations of physiological arousal can influence the interpretation of emotions. Participants who were not expecting arousal were more likely to report emotional changes because they used context to interpret their physiological state.