Final answer:
Efficacy experiences refer to an individual's belief in their ability to perform a task (self-efficacy), while outcome expectations involve the estimation of outcomes resulting from one's actions. High self-efficacy is correlated with a positive approach to challenges and goal-setting, whereas low self-efficacy can lead to avoidance of challenges. The correct options are a,c.
Step-by-step explanation:
An efficacy experience is a person's estimate of how likely it is that he or she can act in a particular way; whereas an outcome expectation is a person's estimate of how likely certain outcomes will follow once the person carries out that behavior.
The concept of self-efficacy, a foundational component in this context, is the level of confidence in one's own abilities, which influences how we approach challenges and reach goals. Albert Bandura, a preeminent psychologist, has significantly contributed to our understanding of self-efficacy, stressing its importance in motivating behavior.
Self-efficacy affects our motivation through our confidence in our capacity to engage in behavior and our subsequent expectations of outcomes, which can be either a success or failure based on our actions and beliefs.
For instance, individuals with high self-efficacy often see challenges as tasks to be mastered and set more ambitious goals for themselves. Contrarily, those with low self-efficacy may avoid challenging tasks and have a pessimistic view of their abilities.
Similarly, Julian Rotter's concept of locus of control pertains to beliefs about the power we have over our lives, distinct from self-efficacy but still crucial in understanding how people perceive and react to their circumstances. The correct options are a,c.