Final answer:
Addiction is the condition that involves compulsive substance use regardless of negative outcomes. This is a factor in the larger issues of public health and social systems, often leading to increased tolerance and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The condition involving the compulsive engagement in substance use despite adverse consequences is called addiction (Option B). This term is used to describe the scenario where an individual continues to use a substance, such as a psychoactive drug, even when they experience negative repercussions from that use. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), substance use disorder is characterized by a compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative outcomes, and may involve both physical and psychological dependence. When a person is dependent on a substance, stopping its use can lead to withdrawal symptoms which can be either physical, such as pain and seizures, or psychological, such as cravings.
Drug addiction can lead to the development of tolerance, where the user requires increasing amounts of the substance to achieve the same effect, and can be a driving force behind other social issues like homelessness. It's a critical factor to consider in public health and social support systems.