Final answer:
Colonial protest tools included negotiations, strikes, consumer boycotts, and advocacy for political and cultural change. These methods were employed by various groups such as the Comunero Rebellion and the UFW, as well as intellectual and cultural movements like those led by Black Panthers and the US Organization.
Step-by-step explanation:
The tools of colonial protest were varied and strategic, tailored to the specific grievances and conditions of different groups resisting colonial authority. For the Comunero Rebellion of 1781 in Colombia, their protest was sparked by unfair taxes and monopolistic laws over tobacco and liquor, imposed by the Spanish Crown. These comuneros called for traditional governance to be restored and successfully pressured the local authorities into repealing the taxes and ending the monopolies, although these gains were short-lived once the rebellion leaders were arrested and executed after the crowd dispersed.
In the context of the United Farm Workers (UFW) led by Cesar Chavez, tools of protest included strikes and consumer boycotts of lettuce, grapes, and other crops. The UFW advocated for better conditions for migrant farmworkers against employers who refused to engage with the union.
In terms of intellectual protest, during the 1960s and 1970s, groups such as the Black Panthers and the US Organization promoted varying strategies for combating African American oppression. The Panthers emphasized Marxist political and economic change, while the US Organization focused on cultural nationalism, aiming to reconnect African Americans with their African heritage.
Other historic protests also include influential actions such as the American Indian Movement's Trail of Broken Treaties Protest of 1972 which fought for political rights and tribal sovereignty.