Final answer:
Option 4 is true: Grapevine communication is prone to distortion and can spread rumors. It is an informal communication channel that can quickly disseminate information but may lead to misunderstandings.
Step-by-step explanation:
Of the given options regarding problems associated with channels of communication, Option 4 is true: Grapevine communication is prone to distortion and can spread rumors. This informal channel of communication can quickly circulate information, but it lacks the checks and balances of formal communication channels, making it susceptible to misinformation. While effective communication is desired in both personal and professional environments, it is often complicated by various factors such as different communication styles influenced by culture, gender, age, and individual preferences.
Contrary to the other options, upward communication is not necessarily more effective than downward communication as both directions serve different purposes and can be effective in their own rights. Similarly, formal channels are not always faster than informal ones; rather, each has its advantages and disadvantages depending on the context. Horizontal communication is not limited to written forms; it also includes verbal and non-verbal communication among peers. Therefore, understanding the characteristics and challenges of different communication channels can contribute to more harmonious interactions within various systems, whether within a family or a professional organization.