Final answer:
eDNA stands for environmental DNA, which is genetic material collected from environmental samples and analyzed to detect and monitor species, particularly non-native ones. Through molecular techniques, it aids in biodiversity monitoring, invasive species management, and ecological studies.
Step-by-step explanation:
eDNA, or environmental DNA, refers to the genetic material that is collected directly from environmental samples without any need for capturing the organisms being studied. This can include soil, water, or even air samples that contain DNA from organisms that have interacted with that environment. eDNA is extremely useful for monitoring biodiversity, managing invasive species, and conducting ecological assessments.
The process of identifying eDNA begins with the collection of an environmental sample. Through the use of various molecular techniques such as next-generation sequencing, DNA barcoding, or gel electrophoresis, researchers can extract and analyze DNA found in the sample. This analysis can reveal the presence of foreign DNA, which is DNA that does not match the native species, providing valuable insights into the occurrence and distribution of non-native or invasive species.
One of the major applications of eDNA is in the study of biological invasions. It is particularly powerful for early detection of non-native species (NIS), understanding the history of introduction processes, and studying the evolutionary and ecological consequences after a species has been established in a new environment. With technological advances like next-generation sequencing, which offers a greater degree of precision and quantity of data, researchers are now better equipped to analyze the genetic composition and evolutionary potential of non-native species.
In summary, eDNA is a critical tool in ecological genomics, aiding scientists to map the presence and spread of species within an environment much like cartographers mapping a geographical area. Thus, the correct answer to the question posed is (d) eDNA is the analysis of genetic material obtained directly from environmental samples.