Final answer:
Tony's management activities align with Expectancy Theory, where motivation is driven by the expected outcomes of effort and rewards. Adaptive expectations also play a role in setting realistic, incremental goals.
Step-by-step explanation:
Tony's actions of reviewing sales, setting strategies, and establishing expected accomplishments are most closely related to Expectancy Theory. According to this theory, individuals are motivated to engage in behaviors if they believe that their efforts will lead to favorable outcomes based on the expectancy perceived effort-performance relationship, the perceived performance-reward relationship (instrumentality), and the attractiveness of those rewards (valence). It includes understanding the series of expectations and outcomes that motivate employees to work towards organizational goals.
Adaptive expectations provide an alternative view where people and firms adapt their expectations based on past experiences and do not always predict the future accurately. This slower adjustment process contrasts with the immediate rational expectations assumed in some economic theories but can guide businesses in setting realistic goals through incremental changes.