Final answer:
Channeling is when water bypasses the usual flow path within a basin and reaches the end sooner than expected, reducing treatment efficiency. Surface runoff refers to the flow of freshwater from precipitation that contributes to the replenishment of water resources.
Step-by-step explanation:
When water in a treatment system moves more quickly through some portions of the basin than others and reaches the end of the basin before the normal detention time, the proper term for this phenomenon is B) Channeling. Channeling occurs when water bypasses the intended flow path within a tank or basin, which can lead to less effective treatment because the water isn't being retained for the intended period to allow for the necessary processes to take place. In a water treatment context, this term is vital because channeling can reduce the efficiency of the treatment process, allowing contaminants to pass through without being adequately removed or broken down.
Surface runoff is the correct term given to freshwater that flows from rain or melting ice in the hydrologic cycle according to the provided multiple-choice options. When rainfall or melting snow exceeds the infiltration capacity of soil, the water runs along the surface and collects in rivers, streams, and lakes. This is an important aspect of the hydrologic cycle as it contributes to the replenishment of freshwater resources. The term surface runoff often comes up in studies of water treatment, as this can be a major source of water that enters a treatment plant before being processed and made safe for consumption or being released back to the environment.
Understanding the distinction between these terms is crucial for proper water treatment plant operation and ensuring that the plant output meets the necessary water quality standards. Effective water treatment protects public health and the environment, and measures must be taken to prevent channeling and manage surface runoff efficiently.