Final answer:
In management by objectives (MBO), the two most commonly used types of objectives are strategic objectives, which are broad long-term goals set by top management, and tactical objectives, which are specific short-term goals that help implement strategic objectives. The correct option is a.
Step-by-step explanation:
The two types of objectives most commonly used in management by objectives (MBO) are strategic and tactical. Strategic objectives are long-term goals that are set by top management and are aligned with the company's mission and vision. These typically involve broad, company-wide goals that direct the overall growth and direction of the organization. On the other hand, tactical objectives are short-term and more specific goals that are designed to implement the broader strategic objectives. They are often set by middle or lower management and focus on the specific steps that need to be taken to achieve the strategic objectives.
This approach emphasizes that all employees understand the specific roles they play in achieving the company's goals, and it allows for regular review and adjustment of these goals. By effectively integrating both strategic and tactical objectives, organizations can ensure that their day-to-day operations are aligned with their overarching goals.