Final answer:
Continuing an ineffective course of action is termed escalation of commitment, while majority bias in decision-making refers to majority rules, and affirmation bias is known as confirmation bias. Social promotion describes advancing students despite unmet educational criteria.
Step-by-step explanation:
Continuing on a course of action even though it is not working is called escalation of commitment.
When it comes to collective decision-making, there can be a bias towards various factors. If the group favors existing conditions or the current way of doing things, this is known as a bias towards the status quo. When a group leans towards the majority's viewpoint, this is described as majority rules. In contrast, a supermajority rules which requires a higher than simple majority to make decisions, aiming for broader agreement. Sometimes groups may strive for a middle ground, known as compromise.
In the context of cognitive biases, when individuals seek out information that confirms their preconceived notions or beliefs, this behavior is identified as confirmation bias. This is also the type of bias that involves relying on a false stereotype to make a decision.
The practice of promoting a student to the next grade despite them not meeting the educational requirements is referred to as social promotion.