Final answer:
ADP binds to the P2Y12 receptor on platelets, which plays a critical role in platelet aggregation and is targeted by antithrombotic drugs.
Step-by-step explanation:
The receptor that ADP binds to on platelets is the P2Y12 receptor. Activation of this receptor by ADP plays a crucial role in the regulation of platelet aggregation and is a target for antithrombotic drugs. Platelet receptors such as GP IIb/IIIa are involved in the final common pathway of platelet aggregation, binding to fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (vWF), but ADP specifically interacts with the P2Y12 receptor to amplify the aggregation response. The role of G-proteins in signal transduction is key in understanding how hormone-binding signals from plasma membrane receptors like P2Y12 lead to cellular responses.