Final answer:
Sumer is considered the 'world's first great civilization' due to its development of a sophisticated writing system, technological advancements, and the establishment of early cities like Eridu and Uruk, which demonstrated significant urban growth, specialized labor, and influential cultural developments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Why Sumer is Considered the 'World's First Great Civilization'
Sumer is often dubbed the 'world's first great civilization' because it showed several hallmarks that exemplify a complex and advanced society. In the late fourth millennium BCE, Sumerians were responsible for groundbreaking technological advancements, such as the development of a sophisticated writing system known as cuneiform, and their significant contributions to agriculture through the draining of marshes for cultivation. The Sumerian city of Eridu is believed to be the first city in the world, and Uruk, another Sumerian city, was one of the first true cities in world history, showcasing transformative urban growth and intensive irrigation agriculture.
These advancements enabled a substantial population density and led to specialized labor divisions, giving rise to a society with structure and social stratification. Innovations in the fields of weaving, leatherwork, metalwork, masonry, and pottery were also prominent. The Sumerian culture was influential and their legacy remained impactful on later civilizations, as seen with the Akkadians, who adopted and adapted Sumerian culture and language.
The Sumerians are also known for their early cities with monumental architecture, development of law codes, international treaties, and financial contracts. These factors together position Sumer as a cornerstone in the history of civilization and a prime example of the early advanced societies that laid the foundation for future human progress.