Final answer:
The portable sanctuary where the Hebrews carried the Ark of the Covenant through the desert is known as the Tabernacle.
Step-by-step explanation:
The portable sanctuary described in your question is the Tabernacle, where the Hebrews carried the Ark of the Covenant through the desert until Solomon constructed the Temple in Jerusalem.
It served as the central place of worship for the Israelites during their wanderings after the Exodus from Egypt. The Tabernacle held sacred objects including the Ark, which contained the tablets of the Ten Commandments.