Final answer:
The nurse would instruct a client with Ménière's disease to avoid sudden changes in head position to control vertigo. This measures helps manage balance issues, which are often exacerbated by rapid head movements. The correct answer is c. Avoid sudden changes in head position.
Step-by-step explanation:
To assist in controlling vertigo associated with Ménière's disease, a nurse would instruct a client to avoid sudden changes in head position. Rapid head movements can exacerbate symptoms, worsening the vertigo. Engaging in deep breathing exercises might help with overall relaxation but does not directly control vertigo. Consuming excessive caffeine is generally not recommended, as it may aggravate symptoms. A controlled and steady approach to changing head positions helps to manage the balance issues associated with Ménière's disease.
Regarding Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV), it is typically caused when calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia) migrate from the utricle into one of the semicircular canals, where they are not normally found. This displacement can result in the hair cells within the semicircular canals being stimulated by gravity, which they are generally not responsive to. Consequently, this abnormal stimulation causes periods of dizziness, as the brain receives incorrect information about the body's position in space.