Final answer:
Proponents of the Counter-Reformation utilized various methods to promote Catholicism, including religious, educational, political reforms, and the influential use of sacred art. Key efforts included the Council of Trent's decisions, establishing new religious orders, and a reemphasis on traditional Catholic doctrines and spiritual practices. The correct answer is option c).
Step-by-step explanation:
The proponents of the Counter-Reformation aimed to promote their Catholic method primarily by utilizing every means to project their message, which often encompassed a variety of strategies. They prioritized the rebirth of spiritual movements, ecclesiastical restructuring, the establishment of new religious orders like the Jesuits, and political efforts, which included the Roman Inquisition. Art played a crucial role, as religious content in art was seen as a way to glorify God and Catholic traditions. Through the Council of Trent, they addressed issues within the Church and took steps such as forbidding the sale of indulgences and improving clergy education. The Counter-Reformation also extended to the political sphere, where Catholic nations like Spain led efforts to preserve Catholic dominance and reconvert Protestantized regions.
Another critical aspect of the Counter-Reformation was the mission to spread the Catholic faith to newly colonized parts of the world and to attempt the reversion of previously Catholic regions now Protestantized, such as Sweden and England. Cultural institutions like St. Peter's Basilica were built or refurbished to showcase the Church's heritage and message. The focus was not only on the reaffirmation of traditional doctrines but also on addressing the genuine need for reform within the institution itself.