Final answer:
Women and slaves in various ancient civilizations commonly shared a similar social status, with both groups having limited rights and social freedoms. so, option 1 is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among barbarians, women and slaves often occupied the same social status. Historically, in various civilizations, both women and slaves were frequently subjugated and afforded fewer rights compared to free men. For instance, in the Islamic world, enslaved women were typically domestic servants or held for sexual purposes. Although they had legal recourse if mistreated, gaining access to justice was challenging. Similarly, in Roman society, slaves could be employed in a range of positions but had limited legal rights and could be abused without legal consequence. In Greek society, slaves faced dire legal positions that allowed masters to inflict harm with little to no repercussions.
Social classes in Africa varied with slavery being recognized and regulated differently, while in other ancient societies, laws and court procedures depicted inequality amongst social classes and gender, reflecting the low standing of women and slaves.