Final answer:
The process of vertebrates making bone (apatite) is known as biomineralization, which involves the bonding of minerals like calcium and phosphorus, resulting in the calcification of collagen fibers. Correct answer is d. biomineralization.
Step-by-step explanation:
When vertebrates make bone (apatite), that process is an example of biomineralization. Biomineralization is a biological process where organisms produce minerals that harden or stiffen tissues, like bones and teeth. In vertebrates, this involves the bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements to produce mineral crystals called hydroxyapatite found in bone.
This process is known as calcification, which is the deposition of mineral salts on the collagen fiber matrix that crystallizes and hardens the tissue. It is vital for providing bones their hardness and the collagen fibers give them the necessary flexibility to prevent brittleness. So, Correct answer is d. biomineralization.