Final answer:
Olivine crystallizes from magma at the highest temperatures, followed by pyroxene and amphibole, with potassium feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz crystallizing at progressively lower temperatures.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student asked which mineral crystallizes from magma at the highest temperatures among olivine, potassium feldspar, muscovite mica, quartz, and amphibole. To answer this, we need to understand the process of crystallization of minerals from magma, which is influenced by the temperature and chemical composition of the magma. Based on the Bowen's reaction series, minerals crystallize in a predictable pattern as the temperature of the magma decreases.
Olivine crystallizes at the highest temperatures, as indicated by its presence in ultramafic rocks such as peridotite and its position at the beginning of the reaction series. This is followed by the crystallization of pyroxene and then amphibole. Potassium feldspar, muscovite mica, and quartz form at lower temperatures, with quartz crystallizing last. Feldspar does crystallize early in the process, but it is the plagioclase feldspar, not potassium feldspar, which does so.
Therefore, based on the provided information and the Bowen's reaction series, olivine is the correct answer as it crystallizes from magma at the highest temperatures compared to the other minerals listed. Quartz, by contrast, fills spaces later as it crystallizes at lower temperatures.