Final answer:
Quartz is enriched in sediment undergoing high degrees of both chemical and physical weathering due to its stability and resistance, making it the dominant mineral in such deposits.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sediment that has undergone extensive chemical and physical weathering is often composed of minerals that are stable in surface conditions. The process of weathering breaks down less stable minerals, allowing the more resistant materials to accumulate. Among the options presented, quartz is the mineral that exhibits the highest degree of stability and resistance against both physical and chemical weathering. Unlike other minerals listed like biotite mica, amphibole, and olivine, quartz remains largely unaltered during the weathering process due to its strong chemical bonds and lack of cleavage planes which makes it less prone to mechanical breakage. The mineral talc, although relatively stable, does not share the same degree of resistance to weathering as quartz.
In sedimentary deposits, particles like quartz are typically found in clastic sedimentary rocks, having been transported by wind, water, or ice and deposited in a new location to eventually form solid rock. The original rock material from which the sediment is derived undergoes various forms of weathering; whereby, physical actions such as temperature changes, abrasion, and biological activity, break the rocks into smaller pieces, while chemical weathering involves reactions such as hydration, hydrolysis, and oxidation that alter the rock's mineral composition.
Thus, after a high degree of weathering and erosion, the sediments that are most likely to accumulate and be dominant in the resulting sedimentary rock deposits are those composed primarily of quartz, due to its considerable hardness and chemical inertness.