Final answer:
Factors contributing to high magma viscosity include high silica content, low water content, and low temperature. All these factors impede the flow of the magma by either creating a complex tetrahedral structure or reducing particle movement.
Step-by-step explanation:
The factors that contribute to high magma viscosity include a high silica content, a low water content, and a low temperature. Magma viscosity increases with higher silica content because silica forms a complex network of SiO4 tetrahedra that impedes flow. The addition of water can lower the melting point of rocks and reduce viscosity, so a lack of water would result in higher viscosity. Similarly, as the temperature decreases, the magma becomes more viscous since particles have less kinetic energy and cannot move as freely. Therefore, all the given options contribute to higher magma viscosity.
Indeed, the factors outlined contribute to higher magma viscosity. High magma viscosity results from a combination of factors, including a high silica content. Silica forms a network of SiO4 tetrahedra, creating a structure that hinders the flow of magma. The absence of water, as mentioned, contributes to higher viscosity since water typically reduces the melting point of rocks and lowers viscosity. Additionally, lower temperatures increase magma viscosity, as particles possess less kinetic energy and consequently move less freely. All the given options—high silica content, low water content, and low temperature—act synergistically to elevate magma viscosity. Understanding these factors is crucial in comprehending volcanic behavior, as magma viscosity influences eruption styles, the flow of lava, and the potential hazards associated with volcanic activity.