Final answer:
The answer to the question is '5. all of the above,' which includes mid-ocean ridges, rising mantle rock and magma formation, black smokers, and fissures in the oceanic lithosphere, all associated with divergent tectonic plate boundaries.
Step-by-step explanation:
These boundaries typically involve mid-ocean ridges, rising mantle rock and magma formation, black smokers, and fissures in the oceanic lithosphere. Mid-ocean ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, are undersea mountain ranges where magma rises from the mantle due to diverging tectonic plates. The reduction in pressure as the plates pull apart enables the mantle to melt, producing magma that cools to form a new crust.
Black smokers, meanwhile, are deep-sea hydrothermal vents that emit superheated mineral-rich water, which occur at divergent boundaries where hot magma heats seawater circulating through the oceanic crust. Moreover, the creation of new oceanic crust at divergent boundaries is characterized by fissures in the oceanic lithosphere, through which lava erupts and solidifies to add to the oceanic plates.