Final answer:
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt was founded by Amenemhat I and is known for military enhancement, decentralization of power, and cultural developments. The New Kingdom, started by Ahmose I, was highlighted by military conquests and expansion but ended with invasions and the collapse of Egyptian power.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt was established by Amenemhat I around 1991 BCE, who was a former vizier. He founded a line of pharaohs that ruled during this era, which is noted for increased decentralization of power, the enhancement of the military, and the flourishing of literature and the arts.
The Middle Kingdom saw a change in rulers' presentation as they emphasized both their divine nature and their humanity while acting as protectors and shepherds of their people. Notable advancements in technology and increased territorial control were characteristics of this period. Later, during the New Kingdom, starting with Ahmose I in 1550 BCE, Egypt focused on expansion and military strength, influenced by advances such as the use of bronze and the composite bow. The New Kingdom period marked the height of Egyptian power and influence in the Near East, with well-known pharaohs like Hatshepsut and Ramesses II.
However, the New Kingdom eventually collapsed due to a series of foreign invasions around 1150 BCE, leading to a period of fragmentation and vulnerability to conquest. This historical period thus bridged the potent centralization and wealth accumulation of the Middle Kingdom with the aggressive expansiveness of the New Kingdom.