Final answer:
The correct answer is Option B: homologous pairs cross over in prophase I and randomly separate in anaphase I. Crossing-over introduces new allele combinations, while random separation of chromosomes contributes to genetic diversity in offspring.
Step-by-step explanation:
To increase genetic diversity in offspring, homologous pairs cross over in prophase I, and randomly separate in anaphase I. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is Option B: Cross over, randomly separate.
Crossing-over is a significant event that occurs in prophase I of meiosis where exchange of genetic material takes place between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This process introduces new combinations of alleles and is critical to generating genetic diversity. Then, during anaphase I of meiosis, the homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, and their segregation is random, meaning that each gamete receives a mix of maternal and paternal chromosomes.
All these mechanisms contribute to the incredible potential for genetic variation, allowing for offspring that are genetically unique from their parents and siblings. This genetic recombination is a key factor in the diversity of life and is one of the reasons why individuals within a species can have such varied traits.