Final answer:
Marcus Garvey, founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association, advocated for Pan-Africanism, aiming to unite and promote self-sufficiency among people of African descent.
Step-by-step explanation:
Marcus Garvey's Advocacy for Pan-Africanism
Marcus Garvey was a prominent figure in the history of civil rights movements. Born in Jamaica and living in the United States for many years, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), aiming to unite all people of African descent into one cohesive government. The Pan-Africanism movement, which he advocated, focused on promoting black pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the ultimate goal of establishing independent black republics in Africa, Latin America, or the Caribbean.
Although Garvey had specific plans for a migration known as the "Back to Africa" movement, intending to relocate African Americans to Liberia, these plans ultimately failed. The NAACP did not endorse his ideas, and there were insufficient funds to support the migration. It is essential to note that Garvey's work differed significantly from other contemporary movements, such as the Niagara Movement led by W.E.B. Du Bois, which focused on civil rights within America rather than emigration.
Therefore, to answer the student's question, Marcus Garvey advocated for Option 2: Pan-Africanism, a movement to unify all people of African descent. His legacy lies in his efforts to inspire unity and self-determination among individuals of African origin globally.