Final answer:
The policy meant to discourage people from violating laws is known as deterrence, which increases the perceived consequences of crime to prevent it. Alternatives to incarceration, particularly for juveniles, and rehabilitation efforts are also critical components of modern criminal justice systems.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of policy meant to discourage people from violating laws is b) Deterrence. This approach aims to prevent crime by influencing the cost and benefits analysis of potential offenders—increasing the perceived risk and consequences of being caught and punished for illegal activities. It includes harsher penalties or increased likelihood of capture and conviction. Incarceration also serves as a form of deterrence, as it not only punishes but also aims to prevent future crimes by removing the criminal from society and thereby reducing recidivism. However, studies have shown for juvenile offenders, alternatives to incarceration, such as community service or diversion programs, may be more effective at reducing future criminal behavior. In contrast, rehabilitation programs work to transform offenders into law-abiding citizens by addressing underlying issues through therapy, counseling, and vocational training. Each country may utilize different mixes of these policies and approaches to address criminal behavior and seek to improve their criminal justice system.