Final answer:
Sophia struggles with the 'Accuracy' element of reading fluency. The correct answer is option a.
Step-by-step explanation:
When assessing reading fluency, various elements are considered key in ensuring a holistic understanding and execution of reading. These typically include accuracy, rate, expression, and in some cases, understanding punctuation. In the case of Sophia, who has difficulty pronouncing words correctly and understanding what they mean, the element she struggles with is accuracy. Accuracy in reading refers to the ability to correctly pronounce words and understand their meaning, which is foundational to effective reading and comprehension.
Understanding the meaning of words is also associated with vocabulary knowledge, which contributes to reading comprehension, one of the critical elements of reading development. Rates of reading and expression refer to the speed at which someone reads and the ability to convey emotion or emphasis, respectively, which are separate from the core issue that Sophia is experiencing. Punctuation involves understanding the pauses and inflections required by punctuation marks, again different from Sophia's challenge.
In conclusion, focusing on accuracy can substantially benefit Sophia in improving her reading fluency. Supporting her in learning how to decode words, and comprehend their meaning, will likely enhance her overall reading experience. The correct answer to the question of which element of reading fluity Sophia struggles with is A) Accuracy.