Final answer:
The most basic and fundamental needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs are the physiological needs, which are essential for survival. option d
Step-by-step explanation:
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the needs considered most basic and fundamental are d. Physiological needs. These are the needs that are necessary for survival, such as food, water, and shelter. Maslow's pyramid is structured in such a way that these needs must be met before an individual can focus on higher-level needs like safety, belonging, esteem, and ultimately, self-actualization. At the top of the hierarchy, self-actualization represents achieving one's full potential and is at the peak of the pyramid because it can only be pursued after all the other, more basic needs have been satisfied. Maslow's theory emphasizes a progression through different levels of needs, from the most pressing physical requirements to the pursuit of emotional and psychological fulfillment.