Final answer:
Union wages are typically higher than nonunion wages due to collective bargaining, which can result in higher productivity, longer job tenure, and access to job training. The proportion of U.S. workers with union-determined wages is lower than in many high-income countries.
Step-by-step explanation:
Relative to nonunion wages, union wages are typically b. Higher. Unions generally negotiate on behalf of their members to secure higher wages, benefits, and better working conditions. This is one reason why union workers might have higher productivity compared to nonunion workers. Union workers benefit from collective bargaining which can elicit higher productivity due to better compensation. Additionally, union workers often have longer job tenure, which decreases an employer's costs related to training and hiring, leading to a workforce with greater experience. Job training and apprenticeship programs offered by many unions also contribute to this higher productivity. However, it is worth noting that the share of U.S. workers whose wages are determined by union bargaining is lower compared to most other high-income countries due to various economic, legal, and cultural factors that have led to a decline in union membership.