Final answer:
The dominant form of political organization in the modern world is the state. States possess centralized government, defined territory, and population, often with a form of representative governance, distinguishing them from other political forms like monarchies or oligarchies. Option number d is correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
The dominant form of political organization in the world today is d) States. States are defined by having a centralized government that possesses the authority to govern a defined geographic territory and population. This political structure is characterized by bureaucracy, codified legal systems, and often, a form of representative government. Despite the existence of other forms of political organization such as monarchies, empires, and city-states, the nation-state has become the predominant global framework.
While monarchies still exist, they are mostly constitutional monarchies where the monarchy operates within the constraints of a broader legislative framework. In contrast, an oligarchy is a form of government where power rests with a small number of people, and this differs significantly from the broader participatory governance model of democratic states.
It's important to note that even within the state framework, there is considerable diversity in how authority is distributed and implemented, ranging from fully democratic processes to various forms of autocratic rule. The modern international system, comprised predominantly of sovereign states, operates within a complex matrix of international law and multi-state organizations.