Final answer:
Glycosuria is the presence of glucose in the urine often associated with diabetes mellitus or pregnancy and can be indicative of metabolic issues like defective insulin production or action. Other related conditions include fructosuria, pentosuria, lactosuria, and galactosuria, each associated with different enzymatic deficiencies or dietary causes.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term 'glycosuria' refers to the presence of glucose in the urine and is a common symptom of diabetes mellitus. In this condition, glucose levels in urine can range from 0.5% to 2% because of several factors, including:
- Insufficient insulin, which is critical for glucose uptake by cells
- Defective insulin receptors on cells, hindering glucose uptake
- Presence of anti-insulin factors like epinephrine and glucagon
Glucosuria can also occur during pregnancy due to abdominal pressure. Other related conditions include fructosuria (presence of fructose in urine due to defective fructokinase enzyme) and pentosuria (presence of pentoses like xylulose in urine due to a deficiency of the enzyme xylulose dehydrogenase). Lactosuria, the presence of lactose in urine, is seen in late pregnancy, lactation, and after weaning, and galactosuria, the presence of galactose in the urine, is due to a deficiency of the enzyme Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase, leading to intolerance to milk.
Alimentary Glycosuria occurs when an excessive amount of carbohydrates is consumed and is especially noted in individuals who have undergone partial gastrectomy.