Final answer:
The arrangement of atoms in a crystal is determined by observing the diffraction pattern created when X-rays are scattered by the crystal. This technique, known as X-ray crystallography, can reveal the size and arrangement of atoms and is essential for understanding materials on an atomic level.
Step-by-step explanation:
The arrangement of atoms in a crystal, according to electron diffraction, is determined by the pattern of diffraction that occurs when X-rays are scattered by the crystal lattice. X-ray crystallography is the method used to analyze these diffraction patterns to infer the crystal's structure. Atoms are arranged at regular intervals in a crystal, forming parallel planes that scatter incoming X-rays. This scattering creates a diffraction pattern, often displayed in X-ray crystallography images, which enables scientists to reveal the size of the unit cell and the precise atomic arrangement within the crystal.
In addition, this method also highlights the Bragg reflection, where constructive and destructive interference from scattering at different incident angles can elucidate more information about the crystal structure.
X-ray crystallography has been a fundamental technique in materials science and was critical in the discovery of the DNA double helix structure, as seen with the contributions of Rosalind Franklin to Watson and Crick's work. It continues to be invaluable in fields such as the study of high-temperature superconductors, where the precise lattice arrangement is crucial for the material's superconducting properties.