Final answer:
Two or more dots placed close to one another are referred to as a 'cluster.' The concept is linked to the Gestalt principle of proximity in visual perception and also has implications in social and visual arts contexts.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two or more dots placed close to one another are referred to as a cluster. This term comes into play especially when discussing the Gestalt principles of perception, one of which is the principle of proximity. The principle of proximity suggests that elements that are close together tend to be perceived as a cohesive group. For example, in Figure 5.26, the arrangement of dots in close proximity is perceived as one block on the left side, and as separate columns on the right side, because of the varying distances between the clusters of dots.
The concept of proximity is not limited to visual perception; it extends to social psychology where 'closer' groups like families and friends are associated with more complex relationships and closer ties. Similarly, in art, the arrangement of dots and the space between them can create different visual effects and influence how the artwork is perceived, leading to feelings of tension or harmony.
In summary, the relationship between dots and their closeness can alter perception and produce different interpretations of visual elements, create emotional responses and signify particular meanings in both visual arts and social contexts.