Final answer:
Option (a) Sophia exhibits impaired memory and learning best describes short-term effects related to marijuana usage, as they align with symptoms like problems with thinking, memory, and altered mood, which are known effects of the substance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Ophia's doctor suspects she's been using marijuana and is observing short-term effects of marijuana use. Based on the options provided, the best description of short-term effects related to marijuana use that Sophia’s doctor might observe is impaired memory and learning.
Marijuana can cause changes in mood, altered senses, problems with body movement, and issues with thinking, problem-solving, and memory. Therefore, these symptoms align most closely with option (a) Sophia exhibits impaired memory and learning. The other symptoms listed in the options, such as being hoarse, malnourished, having dental problems, or other various symptoms do not specifically align with the recognized short-term effects of marijuana usage.
It is important to note that each person can react differently to marijuana, and the strength of these effects can vary based on the potency of the marijuana and the individual's physiological response.