Final answer:
Drinking two glasses of wine each night during pregnancy poses a significant health risk to the fetus. It can lead to a higher chance of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), developmental issues, and a range of physical and cognitive defects. Absolute abstinence from alcohol is the safest course of action for pregnant women.
Step-by-step explanation:
For a 43-year-old female who is 4 months pregnant and consuming two glasses of wine each night, the risks associated with continued alcohol use include:
- Increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and other developmental issues
- Cognitive deficits and behavioral problems in the child due to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
- Distinctive facial features in the newborn, such as a flattened and thin upper lip, small palpebral fissures, and a flattened nasal bridge, as indicated by Figure 22.6.6 and Figure 23.3.6
- Risk of neurodevelopmental abnormalities and facial abnormalities if alcohol is consumed during critical periods of pregnancy
The safest option is complete abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. No evidence suggests that any amount of alcohol is safe during any trimester, including red wine. The negative health effects for the fetus can be pervasive and lifelong, affecting the child's cognitive function, learning abilities, and physical development. Abstaining from alcohol ensures the prevention of FASDs.
Note: The correct answer to the original question is option A: Increased risk of fetal alcohol syndrome and other developmental issues.