Final answer:
The grievances in the Declaration of Independence are directed towards King George III and the British Parliament, detailing the colonists' frustrations with unfair governance and lack of representation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence are all directed towards a) King George III and e) The British Parliament. The declaration included a lengthy list of misdeeds not only attributed to the monarch but also to the legislative authority of Britain, expressing the colonial discontent with measures such as unfair taxation without representation, the quartering of troops, and the denial of fair trials. The list of grievances underscores the tension between the desire for self-governance and the experiences of what the colonists regarded as tyrannical power and abuses by the Crown and Parliament. Thomas Jefferson, drawing on these earlier legislative and petitioning efforts, outlined these complaints in the Declaration, which became the foundation for justifying American independence and the establishment of a republic based on the consent of the governed.