Final answer:
The correct answer is D. Federal Constitution of 1824, which represented the Mexican people's change in governance after Iturbide's reign and resulted in the first presidency under Guadalupe Victoria.
Step-by-step explanation:
After the downfall of Agustín de Iturbide, the Mexican people desired a different form of governance, ultimately resulting in the Federal Constitution of 1824. This constitution marked a compromise between liberals, who sought social reforms, and conservatives, who aimed to protect the status quo of the elites and the Catholic Church. It included social equality, except for special judicial privileges for the military and clergy, and shifted legislative and taxation powers to the states. Following the adoption of the new constitution, the liberal general Guadalupe Victoria assumed the presidency, making him Mexico's first president in the new republican era.