Final answer:
Mutations in DNA can occur due to errors during replication, environmental damage, or viral insertion. These mutations can cause a range of effects on traits, from a change in eye color to genetic disorders, although many mutations are neutral and have no effect on the organism.
Step-by-step explanation:
There are several ways in which a mutation in an individual's DNA can occur. One common mechanism is through errors during DNA replication, when DNA is copied in preparation for cell division, and mistakes are made in the sequence of bases. Another way mutations can happen is through exposure to certain environmental factors, such as UV light, chemicals, or radiation, which can damage DNA and lead to changes in its sequence. Additionally, some viruses can insert their genetic material into a host's genome, which can also cause mutations.As for the effects of mutations on an individual's traits, they vary widely. A mutation could lead to a change in the color of an organism's eyes, if it alters the genes responsible for eye pigmentation.
Another possible effect could be a more drastic change in phenotype, such as a genetic disorder caused by a mutation that affects the functioning of a crucial protein. However, it's important to note that not all mutations will have visible effects; many are neutral and do not affect an organism’s fitness or traits at all.