Final answer:
Sparta concentrated its military force in the army, excelling in land warfare, whereas Athens directed its military efforts towards a powerful navy, dominating sea-based engagements and operations.The correct option is b).
Step-by-step explanation:
When considering the military strategies of Athens and Sparta during the Classical period, it is evident that each city-state focused its resources and expertise in different arenas. Sparta, known for its militaristic and austere culture, heavily concentrated its military force in the army. Spartan citizens were trained for land warfare from an early age, resulting in a formidable and disciplined infantry force. Conversely, Athens, recognized as a center for arts and the birthplace of democracy, directed its military endeavors towards creating an influential naval power. The geographical location of Athens, with access to the Aegean Sea, facilitated the development of a navy that was critical for the city's defense and for maintaining its empire through maritime trade routes and supply lines.
During the Peloponnesian War, these differing military strengths became increasingly relevant. The Spartans and their allies, excellent on land, frequently invaded Athenian territory, while the Athenians utilized their well-fortified city and naval dominance to repel attacks and maintain supply lines. Despite Sparta's prowess in land battles, they found it challenging to overcome Athens's defenses directly. Athens, in return, exercised its strength at sea to attack Spartan positions and allies overseas. The result was a prolonged and exhausting conflict that showcased the military strategies of both, highlighting their respective focuses on army and navy.