Final answer:
The Chinese civilization moved into a period of isolationism for various reasons, including superstition, extravagant spending, and a spirit of isolationism. The exact reason remains unknown.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Chinese civilization entered a period of isolationism for various reasons. Some historians suggest that it was due to superstition and the belief that natural disasters were a sign of future catastrophe. Others point to extravagant spending by Emperor Yung Lo and Neo-Confucian prejudice against expansion. Additionally, the cost of expeditions and a spirit of isolationism that penetrated the Court were factors that contributed to this approach. The abrupt discontinuance of China's outreach remains one of the most fascinating enigmas in the history of the culture.
China's isolationism arose from various interrelated factors including natural disaster-driven superstitions, Emperor Yung Lo's extravagances, Neo-Confucian prejudices, and financial burdens of maritime explorations. Hongwu's policies and European interference in Chinese affairs further entrenched isolationist tendencies. The complex interplay of these economic, cultural, and political factors led to a prolonged period of Chinese isolationism.
The period of Chinese isolationism can be attributed to several factors suggested by historians. One explanation points to events during the Ming Dynasty when superstitions sparked by a series of natural disasters may have led to a belief that further catastrophes could occur, contributing to a preference for isolationism. The perceived extravagances of Emperor Yung Lo, as well as a prevalent Neo-Confucian prejudice against expansion, are also potential reasons for this period of self-imposed isolation. Moreover, the costly nature of Zheng He's maritime expeditions and their sudden cessation suggests that financial considerations, alongside a growing spirit of isolationism within the royal court, were influential factors.
The Hongwu emperor's policies further exemplify this trend towards inward focus. After displacing the Mongols and establishing the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu implemented measures to reduce foreign influence and guard against political threats, discontinuing maritime trade and effectively barricading ports. This shift was paralleled by a broader cultural ethos skeptical of foreign engagement, reflected in the Self-Strengthening Movement's limited success and the resistance to European colonialism, which culminated in developments like the Boxer Rebellion. Cultural erosion due to European interference also contributed to the strengthening of isolationist tendencies.
The cumulative effect of these diverse factors—economic, cultural, and political—enabled China to turn inward, culminating in reduced foreign interaction and the eventual establishment of isolationist policies that lasted for centuries.