Final answer:
Isaac Newton developed the theory of universal gravitation and invented the field of calculus, greatly advancing the understanding of physics. He was not involved with the Inquisition nor made specific discoveries about the Milky Way.
Step-by-step explanation:
Sir Isaac Newton made significant contributions to the field of physics, particularly in the areas of gravitational theory and calculus. Among the options provided, Newton developed the theory of universal gravitation and invented the mathematical field of calculus. His work in physics transformed the understanding of the universe, elucidating the motion of celestial bodies and the force of gravity that influences them.
Newton's monumental work, 'Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica,' presented a universal law of gravitation, which was an exact mathematical form that described the attraction between two bodies based on their masses and the distance between them. Conversely, he was not tried by the Inquisition for his theories, as that was Galileo Galilei, nor was he known for discoveries regarding the structure of the Milky Way, as that understanding came later.
Newton's advancements allowed scientists to perform calculations using his law of universal gravitation, propelling forward our comprehension of both terrestrial and celestial dynamics. His contributions to physics and mathematics have had an enduring impact, forming the foundation for classical mechanics and influencing various scientific fields.