Final answer:
The correct answer to the question about an application of peacemaking criminology called humanistic action is C. counseling. Peacemaking criminology focuses on peaceful resolution and positive transformation, and counseling is a method that embodies these goals within the criminal justice system.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question refers to the application of peacemaking criminology, which is an approach that emphasizes the need for peaceful conflict resolution, and prioritizes reparative and transformative forms of justice over punitive responses to crime. Specifically, the question asks which option can be associated with humanistic action, an element of peacemaking criminology that focuses on human dignity and fostering positive change in individuals.
Among the provided options, the correct answer is C. counseling. Counseling aligns with the rehabilitative and restorative aims of peacemaking criminology, aiming to support offenders in becoming constructive members of society, rather than subjecting them to violence, imprisonment, or torture, which are associated with more punitive and less humanistic approaches to criminal justice.
The context provided describes different approaches to criminal justice, including retribution, incapacitation, prevention, rehabilitation, and restoration, with rehabilitation and restorative approaches often involving elements of therapy or counseling to reduce recidivism and solve problems without resorting to purely punitive measures such as imprisonment or torture.