Final answer:
The Chinese empire protected itself from invaders using multiple strategies, including the Great Wall's construction, a standing army, diplomatic alliances, cultural integration, and trade agreements. The Great Wall is particularly notable as a formidable physical barrier against northern invasions. All options are correct.
Step-by-step explanation:
To protect the Chinese empire against invaders, several methods were employed:
- The construction of the Great Wall was a significant defensive measure. This massive fortification was extended and improved under the Ming Dynasty, particularly around Beijing and the Liaodong Province, which deterred potential invaders.
- The establishment of a standing army was another method for defense and deterrence, allowing the Chinese to respond to threats both internally and along their borders.
- Engagement with neighboring states through diplomatic alliances and treaties, like those made with the Russians, was a strategy for managing relations with potentially hostile neighbors.
- The incorporation of foreign cultural elements into Chinese society, as seen with Tibetan-style Buddhism and the construction of monuments like the Potala palace replica, was a way to foster peaceful relations with neighbors such as Tibetans and Mongols.
- Expanding Chinese territory and trade agreements with neighboring countries, although not mentioned as a defense strategy against invaders directly in this context, were also methods used throughout Chinese history to ensure influence and stability.
However, the most iconic and enduring symbol of China's defensive strategy remains the Great Wall, which provided a significant physical barrier against northern invaders.