Final answer:
The correct orders of bond strength are option (a) H-H < Ca-H < Ca-Ca and option (d) Mg-Mg < O-O < Mg-O. This is due to factors like atomic size and type of bond (ionic or covalent).
Step-by-step explanation:
The question is asking to rank the strength of given bonds in the correct order. For the options that have been provided, the bond strength depends on several factors, including atomic size and the number of shared electrons (multiple bonds are stronger than single bonds).
Regarding the options presented:
- (a) H-H < Ca-H < Ca-Ca: This order makes sense because as you go down the column in the periodic table, the strength of the bond between hydrogen and other atoms decreases due to the increasing size of the atoms (e.g., calcium is larger than hydrogen).
- (d) Mg-Mg < O-O < Mg-O: This is correct because Mg-O is an ionic bond and is generally stronger than the covalent bonds Mg-Mg and O-O. Additionally, as oxygen is smaller than magnesium and forms a stronger bond with magnesium in comparison to Mg-Mg, and O-O has lone pair repulsions making it weaker than an Mg-O ionic bond.
Therefore, the answer to the question provides the following correct order of bond strength: option (a) H-H < Ca-H < Ca-Ca and option (d) Mg-Mg < O-O < Mg-O.