Final answer:
The rock shown is C) Metamorphic, formed from existing rock types subjected to extreme pressure and heat, leading to chemical and physical changes without melting.
Step-by-step explanation:
The type of rock shown in the image is C) Metamorphic. Metamorphic rocks are formed from the transformation of pre-existing rock types due to high amounts of pressure and heat, without the rock melting. This process is known as metamorphism, meaning "changed in form". Metamorphic rocks can originate from either igneous rocks such as granite, or sedimentary rocks such as limestone, which undergo this change deep within the Earth or due to the intrusion of molten rock.
The process of metamorphism causes the minerals in the rock to rearrange and form new minerals, resulting in distinct patterns or orientations. The high amounts of pressure that caused the other types of rock to change form are characteristic of metamorphic rock formation. Foliation, a conspicuous textural feature occurring in many metamorphic rocks, is a result of the reorientation of mineral crystals under extreme pressure.