Final answer:
The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is the satellite launched by NASA specifically to observe the Sun, providing detailed images and promoting the understanding of solar phenomena.
Step-by-step explanation:
The satellite launched to observe the Sun is the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Launched by NASA, SDO provides detailed images of the Sun and has significantly advanced our understanding of solar phenomena, including solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs). This mission falls under the category of high-energy observatories where instruments are used to study various electromagnetic waves such as ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-rays emitted by the Sun. It is different from the Mercury Project, Solar Looking Glass, and the Hubble Space Telescope, with Hubble being primarily used to observe distant celestial objects rather than the Sun.