Final answer:
In eukaryotes, DNA in the nucleus encodes protein instructions that are transcribed into mRNA. Ribosomes translate mRNA into proteins, which are modified in the RER and sorted, further modified, and packaged in the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes are responsible for the digestion and recycling of waste materials within the cell.
Step-by-step explanation:
In eukaryotes, the instructions for protein synthesis are found in the DNA within the cell's nucleus. Protein synthesis takes place in the ribosomes. Vesicles carry the modified proteins to the Golgi apparatus, where they are stored or packed and shipped to other parts of the cell. Waste materials are digested and recycled by lysosomes.
The process begins with the transcription of DNA into mRNA within the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. Ribosomes, present on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) or freely in the cytoplasm, translate the mRNA into a protein. Following this, the proteins enter the RER where they undergo modification. After exiting the RER, they are encapsulated within vesicles which take them to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus further modifies, sorts, and packages these proteins for their specific functions. Finally, vesicles may deliver these proteins to their destinations - either inside or outside the cell - or to lysosomes where they help in digesting unwanted materials.